Table 1 Summary of testing results on topological protection against defects.

Defect no.	Figure	Defect type	Physical meaning	Transmission	Reflection	Comment
0	Fig. 4c	No defect	Perfect lattice	−12.94 dB	<−35 dB	Measuring propagation loss
1	Fig. 5d	Rod height decreased to 4.3 mm	Low potential barrier	−17.4 dB	<−35 dB	Path detour and tunneling
2	Fig. 4g	Rod height decreased to 3.5 mm	Medium potential barrier	−19.86 dB	<−35 dB	Path detour
3	Fig. 5c	Rings removed	Infinite potential barrier	−16.04 dB	<−35 dB	Shorter path detour
4	Fig. 6b	Rod heights gradually decreased	Dissipation	<−35 dB	<−35 dB	>35 dB dissipation at defect
5	Fig. 7c	Metallic block approached	Partial flip of spin/modulation	−20.25 dB	−18.36 dB	∼7 dB coupling loss at input
6	Fig. 7d	Metallic block inserted	Complete flip of spin/modulation	<−35 dB	−16.29 dB	∼7 dB coupling loss at input

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