Figure 1: Attenuation of morphine-induced hyperalgesia by supplementation with S-ketamine or paxilline.
From: BK channels in microglia are required for morphine-induced hyperalgesia
(a,b) The PWT (paw withdrawal threshold; mechanical stimulation) (a) or hot plate latency (thermal stimulation) (b) following systemic administration of morphine (10 mg kg−1). S-ketamine (2 mg kg−1) or paxilline (2.2 μg kg−1) were administered 30 min prior to morphine administration. Saline (n=8), Morphine (n=15), Morphine+S-ketamine (n=6), Morphine+Paxilline (n=5). (c) Typical traces of BK currents in the lamina I spinal microglia after 5 days of morphine administration with or without S-ketamine or paxilline. (d) The amplitude of BK currents at +30 mV (n=6/8/5/5 from three to four mice). The data represent the means±s.e.m. ***P=0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001 (Saline versus Morphine), ††P=0.0088, 0.0065, †††P=0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0006, 0.0001 (Morphine versus S-ketamine), #P=0.0321, ##P=0.0070, 0.0091, ###P=0.0001, 0.0010 (Morphine versus Paxilline), (drug × time point interaction): F3, 180=125.24, a two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (a). *P=0.0125, 0.0103, ***P=0.0001, 0.0001, 0.000, 0.0001 (Saline versus Morphine), †P=0.0313, 0.0467, 0.0491, †††P=0.0001, 0.0003 (Morphine versus S-ketamine), #P=0.0145, ##P=0.0028, ###P=0.0076 (Morphine versus Paxilline) (drug × time point interaction): F3, 180=49.80, a two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (b). *P=0.0197, **P=0.0013, ***P=0.0001 F2, 20=17.68, a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s post hoc test (d).
