Figure 1: Schematic of 3D arrays with the core–shell nano-architectural design.
From: Freestanding three-dimensional core–shell nanoarrays for lithium-ion battery anodes

(a) The typical two-step electrode design consisting of the oxide growth of CuO nanowires onto a copper net substrate followed by radio-frequency magnetrson sputtering of CNx films, forming a binder-free 3D array with core–shell nano-architecture. (b) Theoretical structural modelling showing the micro-mechanism of CNE, CCNE and CNNE formation.