Figure 3: Aqueous mixed-ion batteries.

(a) A schematic of M+/N+ aqueous mixed-ion battery. (b) Photos of InHCF/Na++K+/NaTi2(PO4)3 (B-III) battery in a Swagelok-type cell. One is connected with a voltage metre, and two in series are lighting up a 3-V blue LED. (c–e) Galvanostatic profiles of InHCF/Li++Na+/TiP2O7 (B-I), InHCF/Li++K+/TiP2O7 (B-II) and InHCF/Na++K+/NaTi2(PO4)3 (B-III) batteries along with the voltage profiles of their individual anode and cathode electrodes versus SHE at a rate of 1.5C. (f) Galvanostatic profiles of InHCF/Li+/TiP2O7 (B-IV) and InHCF/Na+/NaTi2(PO4)3 (B-V) batteries measured at a rate of 1.5C. 1C=60 mA g−1.