Figure 2: Interspecific differences in the density-dependence of the population growth rate λ and the elasticities of different vital traits.
From: Demographic routes to variability and regulation in bird populations
The change with population size 
, (where the carrying capacity K was estimated from the time series of populations fluctuations using a logistic model of density regulation) against the population growth rate λ (a), the strength of density-dependence in the population growth rate 
(b), and in the elasticity of λ to changes in juvenile survival rate (c), adult survival rate (d) and fecundity rate (e).
