Figure 3: Proposed reaction cycles for piperidine-mediated production of EG from CO.
From: Selective catalytic two-step process for ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide

Step 1: Pd-catalysed oxidative carbonylation of piperidine to oxamide 2. Step 2: Ru-catalysed hydrogenation of oxamide 2 to EG and piperidine.