Figure 2: Characterizations of fast nanoparticle formation process.
From: Ultra-fast self-assembly and stabilization of reactive nanoparticles in reduced graphene oxide films

(a) Home-made optical measurement setup for metal-RGO high-temperature treatment under an electrical bias in vacuum chamber. (b) Photo image of a 2.5 × 2.5 cm Al-RGO film suspended by a glass holder before and during Joule heating treatment. (c) I–V curve of an Al-RGO film (width: 506 μm, length: 636 μm) during a high-temperature treatment process. (d) I–V curve of Al-RGO film before and after treatment. (e) A sequence of photo images to show the Al-RGO film (width: 380 μm, length: 1917 μm) under Joule heating with an increasing applied electrical power. (f) Light emission spectra of Al-RGO film at different current densities. (g) Temperature of Al-RGO film at different power. (h) Raman spectroscopy of Al-RGO film before and after high-temperature treatment.