Figure 1: Coalescent-based phylogeny of New World lupins based on 6,013 loci.
From: Widespread adaptive evolution during repeated evolutionary radiations in New World lupins
The black arrow marks the shift from annual lowland species to mostly perennial montane lupins, which coincided with a significant increase in net species diversification rate. All nodes have >90% bootstrap support except those marked with black dots. Inset photographs illustrate the diversity of growth forms across the genus, which includes ephemeral annuals, prostrate perennial herbs, acaulescent rosettes, stem rosettes, woody shrubs and small trees (photos by C.E.H.). Inset map shows the geographic distribution of New World lupins, encompassing a variety of ecosystems and climates (coastal dunes, chaparral, sagebrush steppe and grasslands, but especially open mountain forests, meadows and disturbed slopes, extending to sub-alpine/alpine elevations) across an exceptionally wide altitudinal range (from sea level to 4,900 m). Inferred distribution ranges of the main Lupinus lineages are coloured to match branches on the phylogeny (adapted from ref. 22). The main subgroups studied are highlighted: the NAA, NAP and the Andean clade. Tree scale is in expected substitutions per site.
