Figure 5: Mkx promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to ligament cells.

(a) Images of C3H10T1/2 cells induced by Venus (C3H10T1/2-V or Venus) and Venus-Mkx (C3H10T1/2-VM or Venus-Mkx) in plate culture. Scale bars, 500 μm (top); 100 μm (bottom). (b–e) Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT–PCR) analyses of the expression of ligament, cartilage, bone and fat-related genes in C3H10T1/2-V and C3H10T1/2-VM cells. mRNA levels in C3H10T1/2-V cells were normalized to 1. Error bars represent s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Statistical differences were assessed with Student’s t-test. (f) Western blot analyses of C3H10T1/2-V and C3H10T1/2-VM cells for lineage markers.