Figure 1: Material and electronic configuration of the perovskite-based solar cells and photocathodes.

(a) Schematic representation of the structure of the perovskite solar cell. An inverted p-i-n configuration was used, with the general FTO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PCBM/PEIE:Ag structure. (b) Scheme of the solar cell adapted as a photocathode for solar H2 production. The structure remains the same, but an extra metal-encapsulating layer of FM and Pt as a HEC are added on top of the Ag layer. (c) Energy diagram of both devices; for conversion between NHE and RHE reference electrodes, use ERHE=ENHE+0.059 × pH.