Figure 3: Biodiversity comparison between GFGP forests and baseline land-cover types.

Comparisons are given in terms of community-level analyses, stratified into elevation bands (low, mid and high for birds; low and mid-high for bees). (a) Comparison of bird and bee species richness among GFGP forests, cropland and native forest, based on species accumulation curves. Symbols of different shapes and colours represent different land-cover types: yellow circle, cropland; dark green square, native forest; light green diamond, eucalyptus monoculture; blue diamond, bamboo monoculture; red diamond, Japanese cedar monoculture and purple diamond, mixed GFGP forest. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Bee species richness is shown using smaller symbols than bird species richness in order to display the shorter error bars. (b) Community compositional turnover of GFGP forests relative to cropland (upper row) and native forest (lower row), visualized as the number of species not shared between each type of GFGP forest and the baseline land-cover types. Species above zero refer to those that were present in GFGP forests but not in the baseline land covers, and species below zero refer to those that were present in baseline land cover but not in GFGP forests. For birds, each species is placed within one of three habitat association guilds and colour coded accordingly: green, forest-dependent species; light blue, generalist species and yellow, open-country species (Supplementary Data 6). Bees are represented in grey. Abbreviations of GFGP forest type are as follows: BB, bamboo monoculture; EC, eucalyptus monoculture; JC, Japanese cedar monoculture and MF, mixed GFGP forest.