Figure 4: Informative continuous fixed effects in preferred models for each subset.

Data are shown for (a) global, (b) mammals, (c) birds, (d) Africa, (e) Europe. Bar lengths indicate the size of the parameter estimates and their explanatory power in the model. Significance levels derived from highest posterior credibility intervals from Markov-Chain Monte Carlo methods: NS P⩾0.05;+P≤0.05; ++P≤0.01; +++P≤0.001. Colours show groups of potential explanatory factors: dark blue, species’ traits; light blue, socio-economic context; green, local human impacts; and yellow, time series characteristics. Superscripts indicate power (that is, squared, cubed) of the variable for those variables which exhibit higher order relationships.