Figure 4: Recombination lifetime analysis.

Typical impedance spectra of perovskite devices with (a) 10D-CLCS and (c) N-CLCS. The corresponding equivalent circuits of perovskite devices with (b) 10D-CLCS and (d) N-CLCS for impedance spectroscopy fitting. (e) Recombination lifetime of different recombination processes extracted from the impedance spectroscopy modelling. The recombination lifetime data in red are extracted from the device with 10D-CLCS, while the recombination lifetime data in blue and orange are extracted from the device with N-CLCS.