Figure 1: Three types of linkage between biodiversity (BD) and ES.
From: Disaggregating the evidence linking biodiversity and ecosystem services
(a) Spatial linkage, (b) management linkage and (c) functional linkage. For a,b, BD and ES could be linked causally (solid arrows; biodiversity of ‘service providers’) or respond in parallel to spatial or management factors (dashed arrows; biodiversity of ‘non-service providers’).
