Figure 3: Differences in evidence between supply and benefit.

ES are measured either as biophysical supply (for example, pollinator abundance) or as realized benefits to people (for example, increases in crop yield). (a) Number of relationships reporting supply or benefit. Blue denotes ES supply and orange denotes ES benefit. No water purification studies measured benefits, and carbon storage provides a global benefit, so measures of supply (for example, C stored) are also measures of benefit (for example, climate forcing avoided). If relationships for both supply and benefit were reported in the same paper, only the benefit relationship is included in this panel. (b) Comparing the balance of evidence between studies of supply and benefit (G-tests; total: G=2.38, degrees of freedom (d.f.)=2, P=0.304, n=109; functional: G=1.50, d.f.=2, P=0.473, n=24; management: G=1.76, d.f.=2, P=0.415, n=37; spatial: G=5.80, d.f.=2, P=0.055, n=48). (b) Includes supply and benefit relationships from the same study if both were reported, but includes only pest control and crop pollination services—those in which both ES measures were reported (a). Pie charts are scaled such that their areas (not radii) are proportional to the number of relationships. Colours depict the sign of the reported relationship: blue=positive; red=negative; yellow=not significant. See Fig. 1 for description of three linkage types. Labels for significance: *P<0.10.