Figure 6: Effects of spatial scale on biodiversity–ES relationships.
From: Disaggregating the evidence linking biodiversity and ecosystem services
(a) Functional linkages, (b) management linkages, (c) spatial linkages. Extent (x axes) is the overall area considered in the study, while grain (y axes) is the area of each sample unit. Symbols represent individual reported relationships. Symbol shapes represent ES: square=carbon storage; circle=crop pollination; triangle=pest control; diamond=water purification. Colours of symbols and curves depict the sign of the reported relationship: blue=positive; red=negative; yellow=not significant. Symbol sizes depict the number of relationships that share the same grain, extent and sign (typically relationships from the same study). Curves above and to the right of each panel depict Gaussian probability distributions (Pd) for positive, non-significant and negative relationships. Red curves are omitted in a,b due to few negative relationships. Analysis of variance results for differences in scale among positive, non-significant and negative relationships: a, extent: F1,26 =1.05, P=0.316, n=28; a, grain: F1,26=0.35, P=0.56, n=28; b, extent: F1,48=3.14, P=0.083, n=50; b, grain: F1,48=5.94, P=0.019, n=50; c, extent: F2,68=9.56, P<0.001, n=71; c, grain: F2,68=0.09, P=0.907, n=71. Labels for significance: *P<0.10; **P<0.05; ****P<0.001.
