Table 2 Statistical results including interactions between indicator variable and land-use system.

From: Land-use choices follow profitability at the expense of ecological functions in Indonesian smallholder landscapes

Response variable

Explanatory variable

numDF

denDF

Wald/ F -value

P value

Material inputs

Land-use system

1

955

45.41

<0.0001

 

Variable

2

955

0.00

1.0000

 

Village type

1

955

3.40

0.0655

 

Interaction LUS × Var

2

955

11.56

<0.0001

 

Interaction LUS × VT

1

955

1.77

0.1713

 

Interaction Var × VT

2

955

11.42

<0.0001

 

Interaction LUS × VT × Var

2

955

3.77

0.0048

Labour inputs

Land-use system

2

496

83.24

<0.0001

 

Variable

1

496

0.00

1.0000

 

Village type

1

496

0.68

0.40

 

Interaction LUS × Var

2

496

10.08

0.0001

 

Interaction LUS × VT

2

496

0.37

0.6942

 

Interaction Var × VT

1

496

0.07

0.0737

 

Interaction LUS × VT × Var

2

496

6.73

0.0013

Gross margin per ha

Land-use system

2

414

58.55

<0.0001

 

Village type

1

414

10.97

0.0010

 

Interaction

2

414

0.28

0.7533

Gross margin per labour hour

Land-use system

2

416

16.74

<0.0001

 

Land-use system

2

414

7.01

0.0084

 

Village type

1

414

0.82

0.4429

Holt–Laury

Land-use system

2

84

3.27

0.0427

Naturalness

Land-use system

3

29

95.55

<0.0001

 

Variable

2

54

0.95

0.9676

 

Interaction

6

54

2.27

0.0502

Biodiversity

Land-use system

3

199

10.29

0.0001

 

Variable

8

199

0.03

1.0000

 

Interaction

24

199

6.58

<0.0001

Genetic plant diversity

Land-use system

3

28

7.60

<0.0001

Stability in climatic conditions

Land-use system

3

28

22.93

<0.0001

 

Variable

4

112

0.00

1.0000

 

Interaction

12

112

7.81

<0.0001

Soil processes and functioning

Land-use system

3

28

6.81

0.0014

 

Variable

3

84

0.00

1.0000

 

Interaction

9

84

1.43

0.1871

Nutrient leaching fluxes

Land-use system

3

26

7.11

0.0012

 

Variable

7

182

0.00

1.0000

 

Interaction

21

182

1.73

0.0291

Yield

Land-use system

2

21

74.94

<0.0001

NPP

Land-use system

3

28

34.81

<0.0001

Carbon stocks

Land-use system

3

31

11.61

<0.0001

 

Variable

1

25

0.00

1.0000

 

Interaction

3

25

6.85

0.0016

Soil fertility

Land-use system

3

26

7.72

0.0008

 

Variable

5

130

0.00

1.0000

 

Interaction

15

130

2.10

0.0132

  1. The multiple indicator variables used for each response variable are shown in Figure 4; because indicator variables may systematically differ in responses to land use, we test the interaction between indicator variable identity (listed in the table as Variable) and land-use. Linear models and F-tests were used with models with a single indicator variable, linear mixed models and Wald-tests for models with multiple indicator variables. denDF, denominator d.f. for F-tests; LUS, land-use system; NPP, net primary production; numDF, numerator d.f. for F-tests; Var, variable; VT, village type.
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