Figure 5: Pan-Arctic geographic distribution of climate components of the seabird–climate coupling.

(a) Percent difference in pan-Arctic summertime mean cloud-droplet number concentration (CDNC) in the atmospheric boundary layer due to inclusion of seabird NH3 emissions in the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS (GCT) model under the assumption of fixed cloud liquid-water content. (b) Pan-Arctic summertime-mean aerosol indirect (cloud-albedo) radiative effect (AIE) attributed to the seabird-colony emissions.