Figure 4: Calculated cumulative net environmental impact of cumulative installed PV capacity.

(a) Cumulative net energy output, in terajoules of primary energy equivalent. (b) Cumulative net greenhouse gas emissions avoidance, in megatonnes (Mt) of CO2-equivalent. Results are shown for 2 PV performance scenario’s: ‘Increasing PR’ and ‘Low PR’, and 3 production location scenarios (see Methods section).