Table 2 Hormone and metabolite concentrations at room temperature and cold exposure, pre- and post-cold acclimation.

From: Dietary fatty acid metabolism of brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated men

 

Pre-acclimation

Post-acclimation

 

Room temperature

Cold exposure

Room temperature

Cold exposure

Energy expenditure (kcal min−1)

1.2 [1.1–1.4]

2.3 [1.8–2.5]****

1.2 [1.1–1.3]

2.1 [1.8–2.5]****

Tskin (°C)

33.3 [32.5–33.6]

28.3 [27.9–28.7]****

33.2 [32.4–33.6]

27.6 [26.8–27.9]****,#

Tcore (°C)

37.1 (36.8–37.3)

37.0 (36.7–37.2)

37.0 (36.8–37.2)

36.9 (36.7–37.0)

ΔTinlet−Toutlet (°C)

–

3.1 (2.5–3.8)

–

3.0 (2.5–3.4)

Shivering intensity (%MVC)

–

1.6 (0.9–2.3)

–

2.2 (1.2–3.1)

Shivering burst rate (bursts min−1)

–

2.4 (2.0–2.8)

–

2.6 (2.1–3.1)

Raglucose (μmol min−1)

1,756 [1,705–2,056]

2,123 [2,045–3,145]*

1,935 [1,679–2,509]

2,392 [2,185–2,724]*

Raglycerol (μmol min−1)‡

450 (214–686)

904 (408–1400)**

276 (175–377)

963 (285–1641)**

RaNEFA (μmol min−1)

597 [415–938]

702 [576–810]

486 [417–626]

705 [460–762]

OxNEFA (μmol min−1)

184 (159–210)

193 (92–293)

137 (65–208)

221 (173–269)

OxDFA (μmol min−1)‡

–

2 (1–3)

–

2 (1–3)

AUC0–300 glucose (mmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

1,350 (1,224–1,476)

–

1,267 (1,197–1,337)

AUC0−300 insulin (pmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

40,860 (33,065–48,654)

–

32,146 (24,396–39,896)#

AUC0–300 C-peptide (nmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

172 [118–192]

–

120 [91–142]

AUC0–300 NEFA (μmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

105,431 (78,557–132,304)

–

79,555 (63,794–95,316)#

AUC0–300 TG (mmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

304 (222–385)

–

319 (222–417)

AUC120–300 chylomicron-TG (mmol l−1 per 180 min)

–

37 [16–54]

–

31 [12–60]

AUC120–300 VLDL−TG (mmol l−1 per 180 min)‡

–

66 (45–86)

–

62 (36–88)

AUC0–300 glucagon (ng l−1 per 300 min)

–

8,724 [8,032–11,820]

–

11,264 [9,980–13,957]

AUC0–300 GIP (pmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

14,320 (10,446–18,194)

–

14,762 (10,094–19,431)

AUC0–300 total GLP-1 (pmol ml−1 per 300 min)

–

4,253 (1,095–7,410)

–

4,533 (1,204–7,862)

AUC0–300 TSH (mIU l−1 per 300 min)

–

372 (207–537)

–

417 (240–595)

AUC0–300 free T3 (pmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

1,538 (1,258–1,819)

–

1,621 (1,444–1,797)

AUC0–300 free T4 (pmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

4,988 (4,558–5,417)

–

5,100 (4,797–5,402)

AUC0–300 cortisol (nmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

96,638 (87,953–105,322)

–

94,541 (80,806–108,277)

AUC0–300 leptin (ng ml−1 per 300 min)

–

262 [235–442]

–

294 [206–399]

AUC0–300 PYY (pmol l−1 per 300 min)

–

10,290 (6,421–14,159)

–

13,061 (7,309–18,814)#

AUC0–240 GH (ng ml−1 per 240 min)

–

12.4 [6.0–49.0]

–

20.5 [6.2–56.0]

AUC0–300 adiponectin (μg ml−1 per 300 min)

–

998 (730–1,266)

–

1,224 (858–1,590)#

  1. EE, energy expenditure; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acids; OxDFA, rate of dietary fatty acid oxidation; OxNEFA, rate of whole-body fat oxidation; Ra, appearance rate; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low-density lipoproteins.
  2. Values are means with 95% confidence interval (CI) in parentheses for normally distributed data and median [interquartile range] for nonparametric data (n=8).
  3. *Effect of temperature, P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001. ‡In N=7. #Effect of acclimation, P<0.05 (Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures with Bonferonni post hoc test).
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