Figure 3: Three-dimensional map of Ni oxidation state at sub-particle scale.

The shape of the particle is presented as the transparent grey surface with the internal oxidation state heterogeneity illustrated using the diagonal slices (a–d) surfaces of the 3D Ni oxidation state map (e–j). All the panels are colour coded in order to show the state of charge heterogeneity at the sub-particle level in a quantitative manner.