Figure 1: Id1-induced IGF2 activates fibroblasts in a paracrine manner.

(a) Tumour xenografts established from KYSE150-CON-shCON, KYSE150-Id1-shCON or KYSE150-Id1-shIGF2 ESCC cells were immunostained for CD31 and analysed for microvessel density (female 6–8-week-old nude mice, n=3 per group; scale bar, 100 μm). (b) Human VEGF (left panel) and mouse VEGF (right panel) concentration in serum of mice bearing Id1-overexpressing, Id1-shIGF2 or control tumours (female 6–8-week-old nude mice, n=6 per group) was analysed using ELISA. (c,d) Expression of VEGF and α-SMA (c) and secretion of VEGF (d) in fibroblasts fed with conditioned medium (CM) from KYSE150-CON-shCON, KYSE150-Id1-shCON or KYSE150-Id1-shIGF2 cells were assayed using western blot and ELISA, respectively. (e,f) Expression of VEGF and α-SMA (e) and secretion of VEGF (f) in fibroblasts treated with recombinant human IGF2. (g,h) Chemotactic migration of fibroblasts in response to conditioned medium (scale bar, 100 μm) from indicated ESCC cells (g) and exogenous IGF2 (h).Three biological replicates were performed for in vitro assays. Data in bar charts are presented as mean±s.d.; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 by Student’s t-test.