Figure 2: On-surface synthesis of nitrogen-doped chains and macrocycles.

(a) Overview STM image of the polymerized CTPA 2 after annealing the Au(111) surface to 540 K. (b,d) STM topographies of the covalently linked macrocycles and chains. (c,e) High-resolution STM images obtained with a functionalized tip revealing submolecular features; structural models are superimposed on the measurement (see also Supplementary Fig. 2). (f) DFT optimized structures (PBE+D3) of the polymerized CTPA chains on the Au(111) surface. STM Parameters: (a) I=360 pA, V=−160 mV; (b,d) T=77.8 K, I=50 pA, V=−250 mV; (c,e) T=77.8 K, I=1.3 nA, V=−50 mV. High-symmetry directions of the Au(111) surface are indicated in a. Model in c,e,f: grey, white, red and blue spheres represent C, H, O and N atoms, respectively.