Figure 7: Numerical simulation of the dynamics of the order–disorder transition of a bead packing under shear.
From: Pore configuration landscape of granular crystallization

(a) Packing density versus time (expressed in inverse shear rate units). (b) Snapshot of the numerically generated packings as it gets disordered. (c–f) Temporal evolution of PD2 at different packing density ranging from φ=0.72 to φ=0.63. These diagrams have been computed over >6,000 beads.