Figure 3: VCIC in a GdO_x-pMTJ.

(a) The initial full TMR curve (black), and after the application of V_SET=0.5 V for 300 s at 150 °C (red) and subsequently V_SET=−0.5 V for 25 s (blue) at 150 °C. The core structure of the pMTJ is CoFeB(0.85 nm)/GdO_x(3.1 nm)/CoFeB(1.6 nm). All TMR curves were measured at RT under a low bias of 5–10 mV. The apparent coercivities of the top and bottom CoFeB layers are labelled as H_C-TOP and H_C-BOT. (b) Corresponding minor TMR curves for the three states showing H_IC can be changed from −42 Oe in the initial state to +37 Oe by +V_SET and subsequently changed to −51 Oe by −V_SET. The dashed arrows indicate the position of H_IC in the three states. The intrinsic coercivity of the top CoFeB is labelled as . The minor loops were measured by switching only the magnetization of the top CoFeB layer while keeping the magnetization of the bottom CoFeB pointing down.