Figure 5: Metformin reduces the succinate level and impedes osteoclastogenesis in hyperglycaemia.
From: Succinate and its G-protein-coupled receptor stimulates osteoclastogenesis
Three-month-old MKR mice were treated daily with PBS (n=5) or metformin (Met, n=6) (200 mg kg−1) for 14 days. Succinate level in a BMSCs measured by LC-MS and (b) serum measured by succinic acid colorimetric assay. (c,d) TRAP staining (scale bar, 400 μm) and (e,f) osteo surface resorption assay in OC cultures on day 6 (scale bar, 100 μm). Data show mean±s.e.m. of triplicated wells. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 according to a two-tailed t-test, n=3. (g,h) Representative TRAP staining images (scale bar, 100 μm) and quantitative result of TRAP+ cell surface per bone surface (Oc. S per B.S) of femur proximal metaphyseal regions. (i) Representative H&E staining images and analysis of trabecular bone area (scale bar, 250 μm). (j) Representative μCT three-dimensional structures (scale bar, 500 μm) and (k–p) BMD, BV per TV, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and Tb.Sp analysis. (q) Body weight and (r) glucose levels over 14 days. Data shown mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05, **P<0.005, ***P<0.001 according to a two-tailed t-test. BMD, bone mineral density.
