Figure 4: Raw data from the TOF detector. | Nature Communications

Figure 4: Raw data from the TOF detector.

From: Experimental discrimination of ion stopping models near the Bragg peak in highly ionized matter

Figure 4

Sample of the detector signals through the solid target and through the plasma, for the shot corresponding to the data point at t=6.4 ns in Fig. 3b–d. The time shift (Δt) of each bunch is determined between the centre of mass of this bunch (plain vertical bar) and the associated reference time (dotted vertical bar). The shown reference times are extrapolated from the period of the undisturbed ion bunch signals few tens of μs after the plasma expansion. The average measured time shift in the solid foils (degrader, target and filter) is Δt=34.06±0.45 ns. Knowing the initial areal density of the target of 95±1 μg cm−2 as well as of the filter, the projectile energy after the degrader is deduced to be Ep=0.576±0.005 MeV per nucleon, the time shift through the solid target Δt=2.39±0.45 ns and the energy loss in the solid target ΔE=0.82±0.14 MeV. Consequently, the first ion bunch that passed through the plasma features a time shift in the plasma target of Δt=3.43±0.47 ns (the global shift being Δt=35.10 ns). This corresponds to an energy loss in the plasma of ΔE=1.14±0.15 MeV, or 139.5±18.3% normalized to the value in the solid target.

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