Figure 5: Functional evolution of lepidopteran ORs.

Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of lepidopteran ORs, highlighting the ligands identified. The phylogeny is the same as in Fig. 1. Circles represent nodes highly supported by the likelihood-ratio test (black: aLRT >0.95; grey: aLRT >0.9) and the letters in the circles appoint the 21 OR clades. For each functionally characterized receptor, only the ligand eliciting the highest response in the corresponding functional assay is indicated, based on results from the present study and from previous works on ORs expressed in Xenopus oocytes (S. litura⁴⁰, S. exigua³⁸, H. armigera^43,70, B. mori^35,37,41 and O. furnacalis⁴²) and Sf9 cell lines (B. mori³⁸ and E. postvittana³⁶). Colours of each ligand represent the different chemical classes, as in Fig. 2.