Figure 2: Governing environmental flows constrains food production.

The maps illustrate the change in total (that is, rainfed and irrigated) kcal production in the absence of irrigation (a), with irrigation constrained by EFRs (mean of three EFR methods) (b), with upgraded irrigation constrained by EFRs (c) and with integrated water management constrained by EFRs (d), with respect to the current situation and aggregated to Food Production Units (1980–2009). Cells without significant cropland fraction (<0.1%) are masked.