Figure 4: Evolutionary transformations of mean shapes after allometry adjustment.
From: Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species
Left column: early Homo; middle column: H. sapiens; right column: H. neanderthalensis. Yellow TPS grid visualizes shape change of ACF and basal frontal lobe complex; Red TPS-grid shows changes at MCF and temporal lobe complex; Dark-blue TPS-grid (vertical) delimits anterior and MCF and their associated cerebral parts. White TPS grids illustrate non-allometric evolution at the cribriform plate and olfactory bulbs. (a) Top view of undeformed early Homo mean; (b) transformation of (a) into H. sapiens; (c) transformation of (a) into H. neanderthalensis. (d) Lateral view of undeformed early Homo mean. (e) Transformation of (d) into H. sapiens, (f) transformation of (d) into H. neanderthalensis; (g) frontal view of undeformed early Homo; (h) transformation of (g) into H. sapiens; (i) transformation of (g) into H. neanderthalensis. (j) Inferior view of undeformed early Homo mean. (k) Transformation of (j) into H. sapiens. (l) Transformation of (j) into H. neanderthalensis; note different TPS transformations pattern in early Homo-H. sapiens and early Homo -H.neanderthalensis comparisons. (Shape difference vectors are ×1.5 magnified).
