Figure 7: Measurement circuit and raw data.
From: Towards a quantum representation of the ampere using single electron pumps
(a) Circuit used for accurate measurement of the pump current. The pump is depicted as a current source. (b) A short section of raw ammeter (upper panel, red points) and voltmeter (lower panel, blue points) data from a measurement run pumping with f=945 MHz, showing two on–off cycles. Horizonal lines show the means of each data segment, ignoring the first 20 readings to reject transient effects. The offset current ≈−250 fA results from the small stray bias voltage present at the pre-amp input, driving a current in R.
