Figure 1: A schematic phylogenetic relationship of the gall-forming social aphids.
From: An insect-induced novel plant phenotype for sustaining social life in a closed system
Species examined in this study representing the tribes Nipponaphidini, Hormaphidini and Cerataphidini of the subfamily Hormaphidinae are shown. Their gall type, soldier production and gall-cleaning behavior are mapped on the phylogeny. +, − and ± indicate presence of the trait, absence of the trait and some species with the trait while other species without the trait, respectively. Galls of six species examined in this study, N. monzeni and N. distyliicola from Nipponaphidini, C. nekoashi, C. japonica and T. styraci from Cerataphidini, and H. miyabei from Hormaphidini are indicated in bold.
