Table 5 Predictions evaluated in this study.

From: Kinship reduces alloparental care in cooperative cichlids where helpers pay-to-stay

 

Pay-to-stay

Kin-selection

Group augmentation

This study

Eviction rate

NK>K or NK=K*

NK>K

NK=K

NK=K

Alloparental brood care of subordinates

NK>K

NK<K

NK=K

NK>K

Alloparental brood care of dominants

NK=K

NK<K

NK=K

NK=K

Reciprocation of alloparental brood care

No

Yes

Yes

No

Reproductive success of dominants

NK=K

NK<K

NK=K

NK=K

Reproductive success of subordinates

No prediction

NK<K

NK=K

NK<K

  1. References: Pay-to-stay 26–28, Kin-selection 1, Group augmentation 21.
  2. *Under pay-to-stay dominants are expected to evict unrelated subordinates more readily than related ones if equal amounts of help are provided; however, increased helping rates of non-kin can conceal such differences and may lead to similar eviction rates of related and unrelated subordinates under a coerced helping paradigm, because enhanced helping might compensate for lacking indirect benefits.