Figure 3: Non-volatile electrically driven repeatable magnetization reversal with no applied magnetic field.

Flattened MFM images (12 μm × 7 μm) for a region of nominally exposed Ni in MLC#4 at (a) magnetic remanence after poling, and subsequently in zero electric field after having applied (b) +200 V, (c) −200 V and (d) +200 V across MLC terminals. The reversals in the sign of the applied voltage are likely not significant as they do not alter the high-field strain³¹. (e) Profiles along coloured lines in (a–d). The corresponding atomic force microscopy images were unaffected by the electrical treatments (Supplementary Fig. S10).