Figure 3: High-temperature transformation of the Σ5(310) GB.
From: Structural phase transformations in metallic grain boundaries
(a) MD simulation of the Cu Σ5(310) GB at 800 K with an open surface allowing variations in GB density. The boundary undergoes a first-order phase transformation with the split-kite structure nucleating and growing from the surface. The normal-kite (b) and split-kite (c) structures are separated by a 1D-phase boundary accompanied by a step (d). (e) Completely transformed GB structure in the presence of two open surfaces.
