Figure 1: Commensal bacteria protect mice against death mediated by influenza infection.

(a) Change in body weight of mice housed in a SPF or non-SPF environment at the indicated times after infecting with a lethal dose (0.5 HA) of PR8. (b) Survival of SPF and non-SPF mice after infecting with 0.5 HA of PR8. (c) The number of bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of SPF and non-SPF mice. (d) The percentage of SPF and non-SPF mice colonized by S. aureus in the upper respiratory tract. (e) Three days after priming with control saline or with different doses of S. aureus, WT mice were infected with 0.5 HA of PR8 and analysed for survival. (f) At the indicated time points after priming with 1 × 107 CFU of S. aureus, WT mice were infected with 0.5 HA of PR8 and analysed for survival. ND, not detected. Two-tailed Student’s t-tests, ***P<0.001. Data are expressed as mean±s.e.m. Data represent three independent experiments with at least five mice per group in (a,e,f), or represent two independent experiments with at least five mice per group in (b–d).