Figure 1: UCNT-based membranes in micro-channel device.

(a) Cross-sectional SEM image of the pristine UCNTs. Scale bar, 20 μm. (b) Top view: SEM image of the porous MCE support with an average pore size of 220 nm. Scale bar, 1 μm. (c) Photo of a UCNT–MCE membrane fabricated by vacuum filtration. Excellent flexibility of the membrane is demonstrated by the large-angle bending with no surface damage or structural degradation. Scale bar, 1 cm. (d) Cross-sectional SEM image of the pristine UCNT–MCE membrane. The thickness of the UCNT layer is ~0.5 μm. Scale bar, 1 μm. (e) Schematic diagram of the UCNT–MCE membrane integrated into a micro-cross channel device. Salt water flows through the channel with two identical membranes pressed face-to-face. (f) Photo of the actual micro-channel device. Scale bar, 1 cm.