Figure 2: Reproduction of animals within OPA enclosures by sex.

(a) Fructose/glucose-fed females produced more offspring early in the study, though this effect was negated owing to a decrease in fructose/glucose-fed female reproduction over time (GLMM, P=<0.001). (b) Fructose/glucose-fed males exhibited a 25% reduction in reproductive output due to a decreased rate of reproduction over time relative to controls (GLMM, P=0.034). Reproductive output of both groups was assessed at multiple time points across populations (n=6) for a total of 58 observations. Female reproduction is in terms of total offspring as mitochondrial markers were used. Male reproduction is in terms of male offspring due to using Y-chromosome markers. Lines connect means of the six populations at each time point for each sex (except for week 32, which is based on five populations) and error bars represent s.e.