Figure 1: Elevated temperatures promote gene activation in PTI signaling.

(a) flg22-induced WRKY29 activation in Arabidopsis leaves and protoplasts at different temperatures. Leaves or protoplasts from 4-week-old plants were treated with H₂O or 100 nM flg22 for 3 h for RNA isolation and real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The expression of WRKY29 was normalized to the expression of UBQ10. (b) flg22-induced FRK1 activation in Arabidopsis protoplasts at different temperatures. Protoplasts from 4-week-old plants were treated with H₂O or 100 nM flg22 for 3 h for RNA isolation and qRT-PCR analysis. The expression of FRK1 was normalized to the expression of UBQ10. The gene activation fold is presented as the ratio of flg22 treatment to H₂O treatment with the mean±s.e.m. (n=3) from three independent biological replicates. (c) Activation of pWRKY29::LUC by different MAMPs at different temperatures. The protoplasts were transfected with pWRKY29::LUC and pUBQ::GUS as an internal control and treated with 10 nM flg22, 10 nM HrpZ, 50 μg ml⁻¹ chitin, or 20 nM NPP1 for 3 h at the indicated temperatures. GST is the control for NPP1. The promoter activity was shown as the ratio of relative luciferase activity to GUS activity. The data are shown as mean±s.e.m. (n=3) from three independent biological replicates. The above experiments were repeated three times with similar results.