Figure 1: Study area and core locations.

(a) Map of the mean annual SST (°C) using the Ocean Data View (ODV) software56 and geographical locations of cores MD07-3088 (46 °S, 75 °W, 1,536 m; white circle), ODP 1233 (41 °S, 74 W, 838 m; solid red circles14), ODP 1234 (36 °S, 73 °W, 1,015 m; solid black circles14), ODP 1235 (36 °S, 73 °W, 489 m; solid blue circles14), and SO161-SL122 (36 °S, 73 °W, 1,000 m; white diamond11). ACC: Antarctic Circumpolar Current. PCC: Peru–Chile Current. CHC: Cape Horn Current. The inset on the map corresponds to the transect for the latitude-depth section presented in b. (b) Salinity (psu, coloured shading) and oxygen (ml l−1, thin black contours) depth-latitude section. SAMW: Sub-Antarctic Mode Waters. AAIW: Antarctic Intermediate Water. PCW: Pacific Central Water. CDW: Circumpolar Deep Water. The filled circle with cross indicates the flow of SSW. Core location is indicatively plotted following the inset of Fig. 1a at the same collected depth and latitude but at different longitude.