Figure 4: Mean simulations differences over land. | Nature Communications

Figure 4: Mean simulations differences over land.

From: Regional climate model simulations indicate limited climatic impacts by operational and planned European wind farms

Figure 4

Differences, over several parameters, between the simulations with and without turbine for each season (from left to right series of bars for CUR—CTL, SCEN—CTL, NU-SCEN—NU-CTL, BC-SCEN—CTL), averaged over land areas of the full domain (grey bars), land grid cells with >0.25 GW of installed capacity (orange bars) and land grid cells with more than 0.55 GW of installed capacity (red bars). 95% Confidence intervals are calculated by first averaging each season over the concerned cells and taking the mean plus or minus twice the s.d. divided by the square root of the number of years of the resulting time series. (a) Temperature; (b) precipitation; (c) temperature range; (d) wind speed; (e) short-wave downwelling fluxes; (f) long-wave downwelling fluxes; (g) latent heat fluxes; (h) sensible heat fluxes.

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