Figure 1: 3D-MIMs for spatiotemporal measurement and stimulation across the entire epicardial surface.

(a) Graphical depiction of the key steps in device design and fabrication. Scale bar, 2 cm. (b) Images of a representative 3D multifunctional integumentary membrane (3D-MIM) integrated on a Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart. The white arrows highlight various function elements in this system. The electronics can cover both anterior and posterior surfaces of the heart (inset). Scale bars, 6 mm. (c) Magnified views of the functional elements in conformal contact with the epicardium. The images are recorded from the back side of the devices. Scale bars, 500 μm.