Figure 4: High-density pH and optical mapping of transmembrane potential and calcium transients. | Nature Communications

Figure 4: High-density pH and optical mapping of transmembrane potential and calcium transients.

From: 3D multifunctional integumentary membranes for spatiotemporal cardiac measurements and stimulation across the entire epicardium

Figure 4

(a) 3D-MIM with pH sensors array integrated on a Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart with 2 pH sensors highlighted and values displayed in (b). Scale bar, 7 mm. (b) Temporal change in pH during 30 min of no-flow ischaemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Three times starred as t1, t2 and t3 correspond to spatial pH maps in (d–f). (c) Representative far-field ECG during baseline and reperfusion-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT). (d–f) pH map of 32 sensors (left), representative transmembrane potential and calcium transient signals (middle), and APD70–CaT70 maps (right) at baseline (d), 10 min of no-flow ischaemia (e) and 20 min of reperfusion (f). The results provide maps of the anterior–posterior LV. The Vm and CaT are taken from the same pixel, but the location may vary slightly due to shrinkage of the heart during no-flow ischaemia. White circles denote pH sensors positions. VT, ventricular tachycardia; Vm, transmembrane potential; CaT, calcium transient; APD70, action potential duration at 70% repolarization; CaT70, calcium transient duration at 70% relaxation.

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