Figure 1: Geographic distribution of P. vivax in wild-living apes.

Field sites are shown in relation to the ranges of three subspecies of the common chimpanzee (P. t. ellioti, magenta; P. t. troglodytes, red; and P. t. schweinfurthii, blue), western (G. gorilla, yellow) and eastern (G. beringei, light green) gorillas, as well as bonobos (P. paniscus, green). Circles, squares and hexagons identify field sites where wild-living chimpanzees, gorillas or both species were sampled, respectively. Ovals indicate bonobo sampling sites. Triangles denote the location of wildlife rescue centres (see Supplementary Table 1 for a list of all field sites and their two-letter codes). Forested areas are shown in dark green, while arid and semiarid areas are depicted in yellow and brown, respectively. Major lakes and major rivers are shown in blue. Dashed white lines indicate national boundaries. Sites where ape P. vivax was detected are highlighted in yellow, with red lettering indicating that both chimpanzees and gorillas were infected.