Figure 4: NA-mediated T cell costimulation is independent of known innate sensors.

(a–d) Naive CD4⁺ T cells derived from WT or Zbp1^−/− (a), Asc^−/− (b), Sting^−/− (c) or Ips-1^−/− Trif^−/− (d) mice were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3∈ and the indicated ligands. After 48 h, IL-2 production was measured by ELISA. (e) T-cell hybridoma reporter cells expressing NFAT-GFP (left) or NF-κB-GFP (right) were stimulated with the indicated ligands with or without immobilized anti-CD3∈ for 24 h and analysed by flow cytometry. Error bars indicate s.d. Data are representative of at least two independent experiments.