Figure 4: Detrended HAI coral SST and Fremantle sea-level.

(a) Detrended HAI coral SST reconstruction (red line with two s.e. as grey shading; ±1σ s.d.=grey dashed lines), (b) fremantle sea-level (FSL) observations (purple line) and FSL reconstructed (black line with two s.e. as grey shading; ±1σ s.d.=grey dashed lines) based on linear model including PC1 of Kuhnert et al.¹² January–June coral record and paleo-ENSO reconstruction from Wilson et al.²¹ La Niña and El Niño event magnitude for M, moderate, S, strong, VS, very strong and E, extreme events following Gergis and Fowler²³ classification indicated above (a) and below (b), respectively. La Niña (red) and El Niño (black) event magnitude indicated by strings for years in (a) and (b) that are above ±1σ s.d., (c) spatial correlation of detrended HAI coral SST reconstruction with ERSSTv3b¹⁷ and (d) spatial correlation of detrended FSL reconstructed (1994–2010 from FSL observations) with ERSSTv3b¹⁷. Only correlations with P<0.05 are shown in colour in (c) and (d). Correlations computed at http://climexp.knmi.nl⁴¹.