Figure 4: Overexpressed genes in male reproductives from select gene families.

Relative expression of genes that showed upregulated gene expression in male reproductives and (a) that occurred within Z. nevadensis-specific subtrees in each gene tree family and that belonged to significantly expanded gene families and (b) that belonged to a gene family with the largest known copy number among insects, but that is not significantly expanded. Expression of individual genes was normalized to 100% across castes and life stages. Medians, 50% intervals and minima/maxima are shown. The number of genes of the respective gene family included for each individual castes or life stages is indicated before the name of the gene family. The procedure to determine the significance of the differential expression of genes and families is detailed in Methods. Genes were significantly overexpressed at false discovery rate <0.05. Yellow bar, workers and nymphs; green bar, soldiers; pink bar, reproductive females; blue bar, reproductive males; for further abbreviations, see Fig. 1.