Figure 5: Genes and gene clusters encoding putative effectors and their locations in relation to repetitive sequences in the U. virens genome.

(a) A phylogenetic tree of 193 putative effectors indicates that most effectors are categorized into several super clades. (b) Thirty-three putative effector genes are aggregated into 11 clusters with two to six effector genes. Shaded arrows represent putative effector genes while white arrows are for other genes. (c) Microsynteny analyses between U. virens and M. anisopliae genomes revealed that most of effector gene clusters lie in the highly diverse genomic regions flanked by conserved sequences. Shaded arrows are putative effector; brick red represents homologous proteins with >80% amino-acid identity; yellow, 60~80% amino-acid identity; green, <60% identity; and white, no homologous proteins revealed by genome comparisons using SyMAP v4.0. Three effector gene clusters are shown here, others are shown in Supplementary Fig. 9. (d–h) Physical locations of predicted secreted protein genes, all protein-coding genes and PHI-base genes in relation to regions of repetitive sequences and GC content distribution in the assembled genome of U. virens (using scaffold #1 as an example). (d) Locations of genes encoding predicted secreted proteins (purple) including putative effectors (indicated by red arrows) in the assembled genome. (e) The distribution of transposable elements (blue) in the U. virens genome. (f) Single-copy DNA regions (red) of the U. virens genome. (g) Locations of the PHI-base gene homologues (green) involved in pathogen–host interactions. (h) Graphs of GC (red) and AT (blue) contents. Areas of low GC correspond well to the regions of repetitive DNA. The maps from d–g were drawn with OmniMapFree.