Figure 1: GluA1 AMPAR activity is necessary for memory consolidation in Lymnaea.

Treatment with CNQX 6 h after classical conditioning (CS+US) results in impairment of memory at 24 h after training. Timeline for the experiment is shown above the diagram. When tested with the amyl acetate CS at 24 h, the CNQX-treated classically conditioned animals (N=23) show a significantly lower feeding response compared with the vehicle-treated classically conditioned animals (N=21). Naive animals (N=22) or animals subjected to unpaired training (CS-US interval 1 h, N=20) respond very weakly to the CS. Means±s.e.m. values are shown. Asterisks indicate response levels that are significantly lower than those both in the vehicle-treated and untreated paired (N=19) group, which have virtually identical high response levels. One-way ANOVA, P<0.0002. Tukey’s tests: CNQX (Paired) versus Vehicle (Paired), Naive versus Vehicle (Paired) and Naive versus Paired, all P<0.05; CNQX (Paired) versus Naive, Paired versus Vehicle (Paired) and Unpaired versus Naive, all P>0.05). This experiment was replicated twice.