Figure 1: The MSS model structure and theoretical estimation of its structure change after lithiation.

(a) A schematic model of the MSS particle. (b) The correlation of the pore radius after full lithiation (r2), and the expansion rates of the particle along the radical direction (κ) and along the axial direction (ξ). r1=10 nm; Vf=80%. The silicon wall thickness is 10 nm. (c) The plot of the MSS particle volume expansion versus porosity (Vf). r1=10 nm. The Si wall thickness is 10 nm.